The axe head is the business end of the axe, the part that does all the hard work. Its design, shape, and construction significantly affect the axe’s performance, durability, and suitability for specific tasks. This comprehensive article will explore the various shapes, names, types, and terminology associated with axe heads, providing a deeper understanding of this essential tool.
Understanding the Anatomy of an Axe Head
Before diving into different types and shapes, let’s familiarize ourselves with the basic parts of an axe head:
- Bit or Blade: The cutting edge of the axe.
- Toe: The top end of the axe bit.
- Heel: The bottom end of the axe bit.
- Cheek: The side of the axe head.
- Beard: The part of the bit that extends down toward the handle.
- Poll or Butt: The back end of the axe head, opposite the bit.
- Eye: The hole where the handle fits into the head.
Types and Shapes of Axe Heads
1. Felling Axe Head
- Description: Designed for cutting down trees.
- Shape: Thin and sharp with a gently curved bit, optimized for cutting across wood grain.
- Features: Typically has a symmetrical design and a deep beard for a balanced swing.
2. Splitting Axe Head
- Description: Used for splitting logs along the grain.
- Shape: Wedge-shaped with a wider angle than felling axes, designed to force the wood apart.
- Features: Heavier than felling axes, often with a blunt poll that can be used as a sledgehammer.
3. Hatchet Head
- Description: Smaller than traditional axe heads, designed for light chopping and splitting.
- Shape: Compact and lightweight, often with a slightly curved bit.
- Features: Can come with additional tools like a hammerhead on the poll.
4. Broad Axe Head
- Description: Used for hewing logs and timbers in carpentry.
- Shape: Large, flat, and chisel-like, designed for making smooth, flat cuts.
- Features: Often asymmetric, with one flat cheek and one beveled cheek.
5. Tomahawk Head
- Description: Traditional Native American axe, often used in throwing.
- Shape: Lightweight with a narrow eye and a straight or slightly curved bit.
- Features: Designed for versatility and ease of handling.
6. Double Bit Axe Head
- Description: Features two bits, traditionally used in forestry.
- Shape: Symmetrical with two opposing bits that can be sharpened differently for different tasks.
- Features: Allows for the convenience of having two axes in one.
7. Adze Head
- Description: Not a traditional axe, but similar. Used for carving and smoothing wood.
- Shape: Similar to a hoe, with a perpendicular bit to the handle.
- Features: Ideal for hollowing out timber, such as in boat building.
8. Fireman’s Axe Head
- Description: Designed for emergency and rescue work.
- Shape: Robust and heavy, often with a pick on one side of the head.
- Features: The pick is used for breaking through barriers; the blade can be used for cutting.
9. Carpenter’s Axe Head
- Description: Designed for fine woodworking.
- Shape: Straight edge with a narrow, sharp bit for precision work.
- Features: Sometimes includes a notch for pulling nails.
10. Viking or Bearded Axe Head
- Description: Associated with historical Viking axes.
- Shape: Characterized by a pronounced beard, which reduces weight and allows for versatile grips.
- Features: Historically used in both battle and everyday work.
Terminology Associated with Axe Heads
- Grind: The method used to shape the axe’s edge. Common grinds include flat, convex, and Scandi.
- Bevel: The angle between the sharpened edge and the side of the bit.
- Hardening and Tempering: Heat treatments used to increase the strength and durability of the metal.
- Bit Profile: The cross-sectional shape of the bit.
- Poll Weight: The weight of the poll, which can affect the balance and swing of the axe.
Choosing the Right Axe Head
When selecting an axe head, consider:
- Intended Use: Choose an axe head designed for your specific task – felling, splitting, carving, etc.
- Material: Most axe heads are made from steel, but the quality can vary. Look for high-carbon steel for durability and ease of sharpening.
- Weight and Balance: Ensure the axe feels balanced and is a comfortable weight for you to use.
- Handle Compatibility: Make sure the axe head fits securely on the handle and is appropriately sized.
Maintaining Your Axe Head
Proper maintenance extends the life and effectiveness of your axe:
- Sharpening: Regularly sharpen the bit to ensure a clean, efficient cut.
- Rust Prevention: Keep the head oiled and store in a dry place to prevent rust.
- Inspection: Regularly check for chips, cracks, or other signs of wear.
Conclusion
The axe head is a fundamental component that defines the functionality and effectiveness of an axe. Understanding the different types, shapes, and terminology associated with axe heads can greatly enhance your selection and use of this versatile tool. Whether you’re a craftsman, outdoorsman, or recreational user, the right axe head can make all the difference in your work or hobby. Remember, the key to maximizing an axe’s potential lies not just in its head but also in how well it is maintained and handled. Choose wisely, care diligently, and use responsibly.
